First, it would provide the loading screen. The bar and percentage would stop at 36% "loading sprites" and a popup message appeared, saying that an unexpected error had occurred. I pulled the crash log from the game files, it's in the spoiler below.
0.003 2015-06-05 23:48:43; Factorio 0.11.22 (Build 14011, win64)
0.003 Operating system: Windows 7 Service Pack 1
0.003 Read data path: C:/Program Files/Factorio/data
0.003 Write data path: C:/Users/Sully/AppData/Roaming/Factorio
0.003 Binaries path: C:/Program Files/Factorio/bin
0.084 Initialised video: Mobile Intel(R) 965 Express Chipset Family
0.154 Graphics options: [FullScreen: false] [VSync: true] [UIScale: 100%] [MultiSampling: OFF] [Graphics quality: normal] [Video memory usage: high]
0.461 Loading mod core 0.0.0 (data.lua)
0.502 Loading mod base 0.11.22 (data.lua)
1.151 Loading mod base 0.11.22 (data-updates.lua)
2.870 Initial atlas bitmap size is 4096
3.246 Created atlas bitmap 4096x4089
3.595 Created atlas bitmap 4096x4088
3.990 Created atlas bitmap 4096x4087
4.414 Created atlas bitmap 4096x4095
4.638 Created atlas bitmap 4096x1046
Factorio crashed. Generating symbolized stacktrace, please wait ...
c:\factorio\libraries\stackwalker\stackwalker.cpp (922): StackWalker::ShowCallstack
c:\factorio\src\util\logger.cpp (261): Logger::writeStacktrace
c:\factorio\src\util\logger.cpp (315): Logger::logStacktrace
c:\factorio\src\util\crashhandler.cpp (79): CrashHandler::writeStackTrace
c:\factorio\src\util\crashhandler.cpp (137): CrashHandler::SignalHandler
f:\dd\vctools\crt\crtw32\misc\winxfltr.c (372): _XcptFilter
f:\dd\vctools\crt\crtw32\startup\thread.c (259): _callthreadstart$filt$0
f:\dd\vctools\crt\crtw32\misc\amd64\chandler.c (162): __C_specific_handler
ERROR: SymGetLineFromAddr64, GetLastError: 487 (Address: 00000000775091AD)
00000000775091AD (ntdll): (filename not available): RtlDecodePointer
ERROR: SymGetLineFromAddr64, GetLastError: 487 (Address: 00000000774F8BAF)
00000000774F8BAF (ntdll): (filename not available): RtlUnwindEx
ERROR: SymGetLineFromAddr64, GetLastError: 487 (Address: 000000007752DB38)
000000007752DB38 (ntdll): (filename not available): KiUserExceptionDispatcher
c:\factorio\src\graphics\atlassystem.cpp (300): AtlasSystem::loadSprites
c:\factorio\src\graphics\atlassystem.cpp (467): AtlasSystem::build
c:\factorio\src\globalcontext.cpp (349): GlobalContext::init
c:\factorio\src\mainloop.cpp (437): MainLoop::run
c:\factorio\src\main.cpp (267): wmain
f:\dd\vctools\crt\crtw32\startup\crt0.c (255): __tmainCRTStartup
ERROR: SymGetLineFromAddr64, GetLastError: 487 (Address: 00000000772D59CD)
00000000772D59CD (kernel32): (filename not available): BaseThreadInitThunk
ERROR: SymGetLineFromAddr64, GetLastError: 487 (Address: 000000007750B981)
000000007750B981 (ntdll): (filename not available): RtlUserThreadStart
21.448 Error Util.cpp:43: Unexpected error occurred. You can help us to solve the problem by posting the contents of the log file on the Factorio forums
One more thing to note is that on the first attempt to boot the game up, it gave an error popup mentioning something about video memory, and that bitmap caching was reset to high, and to restart the game. I didn't think to copy down the message or specific details, thinking it'd be fixed on a restart.0.003 Operating system: Windows 7 Service Pack 1
0.003 Read data path: C:/Program Files/Factorio/data
0.003 Write data path: C:/Users/Sully/AppData/Roaming/Factorio
0.003 Binaries path: C:/Program Files/Factorio/bin
0.084 Initialised video: Mobile Intel(R) 965 Express Chipset Family
0.154 Graphics options: [FullScreen: false] [VSync: true] [UIScale: 100%] [MultiSampling: OFF] [Graphics quality: normal] [Video memory usage: high]
0.461 Loading mod core 0.0.0 (data.lua)
0.502 Loading mod base 0.11.22 (data.lua)
1.151 Loading mod base 0.11.22 (data-updates.lua)
2.870 Initial atlas bitmap size is 4096
3.246 Created atlas bitmap 4096x4089
3.595 Created atlas bitmap 4096x4088
3.990 Created atlas bitmap 4096x4087
4.414 Created atlas bitmap 4096x4095
4.638 Created atlas bitmap 4096x1046
Factorio crashed. Generating symbolized stacktrace, please wait ...
c:\factorio\libraries\stackwalker\stackwalker.cpp (922): StackWalker::ShowCallstack
c:\factorio\src\util\logger.cpp (261): Logger::writeStacktrace
c:\factorio\src\util\logger.cpp (315): Logger::logStacktrace
c:\factorio\src\util\crashhandler.cpp (79): CrashHandler::writeStackTrace
c:\factorio\src\util\crashhandler.cpp (137): CrashHandler::SignalHandler
f:\dd\vctools\crt\crtw32\misc\winxfltr.c (372): _XcptFilter
f:\dd\vctools\crt\crtw32\startup\thread.c (259): _callthreadstart$filt$0
f:\dd\vctools\crt\crtw32\misc\amd64\chandler.c (162): __C_specific_handler
ERROR: SymGetLineFromAddr64, GetLastError: 487 (Address: 00000000775091AD)
00000000775091AD (ntdll): (filename not available): RtlDecodePointer
ERROR: SymGetLineFromAddr64, GetLastError: 487 (Address: 00000000774F8BAF)
00000000774F8BAF (ntdll): (filename not available): RtlUnwindEx
ERROR: SymGetLineFromAddr64, GetLastError: 487 (Address: 000000007752DB38)
000000007752DB38 (ntdll): (filename not available): KiUserExceptionDispatcher
c:\factorio\src\graphics\atlassystem.cpp (300): AtlasSystem::loadSprites
c:\factorio\src\graphics\atlassystem.cpp (467): AtlasSystem::build
c:\factorio\src\globalcontext.cpp (349): GlobalContext::init
c:\factorio\src\mainloop.cpp (437): MainLoop::run
c:\factorio\src\main.cpp (267): wmain
f:\dd\vctools\crt\crtw32\startup\crt0.c (255): __tmainCRTStartup
ERROR: SymGetLineFromAddr64, GetLastError: 487 (Address: 00000000772D59CD)
00000000772D59CD (kernel32): (filename not available): BaseThreadInitThunk
ERROR: SymGetLineFromAddr64, GetLastError: 487 (Address: 000000007750B981)
000000007750B981 (ntdll): (filename not available): RtlUserThreadStart
21.448 Error Util.cpp:43: Unexpected error occurred. You can help us to solve the problem by posting the contents of the log file on the Factorio forums