This lets a ship go full speed 500,000 km (probably more) toward the shattered planet before turning around, and uses no rockets whatsoever. Due to the asteroid collector layout, it also picks up nearly all of the promethium chunks from the front of the ship so almost nothing goes to waste. It can actually handle speeds of around 650-700 km/s, but I expect the devs will take away engine stacking at some point, so I'm not designing around that. I prefer loading biter eggs onto the ship then making the science as I gather the promethium, since that results in the highest possible SPM and really isn't all that hard. Hence why I optimized for a full-throttle design.
Required upgrades are: Laser Weapon Damage 17, Physical Projectile Damage 24, Railgun Damage 3, and Railgun Shooting Speed 25 (yes levels above 5 do actually speed it up, albeit asymptotically). Note that you'll need angled/sideways railguns on the top corners/sides of the ship, and some companion gun/laser turrets to deal with any asteroids with sideways motion. Gun turrets require red ammo.
Anyway, I figured I'd share this because it turned out to be pretty awesome; I didn't think a no-rocket design was feasible. And because we need more cursed designs for space platforms.

_________________
A bit of background: I have been optimizing promethium ships for late endgame. Originally I set out to produce 28,800 legendary promethium science per minute, but quickly discovered that the scale of such a thing was infeasible. However, 57,600 rare promethium science looked doable on paper. So I made a really freaking huge ship (4500 tiles wide) designed around maximal chunk collection to test my theory out.
What I discovered is that Factorio (in its current state) is nowhere near being up to the task. According to the debug menu, 95% of the game update time is being spent on asteroid collector and turret updates. Sadly, it looks like neither is multithreaded right now, so they each saturate a single CPU core and that's pretty much all you can squeeze out of the game.

Hopefully the devs can do something about this, because currently promethium science is far and away the biggest bottleneck for megabases right now. I thought it was going to be agricultural science, but it turns out you can crank out a lot of legendary agricultural science (32K/minute in my case) without too much of a UPS hit. So I got kind of excited, thinking that the cargo landing pad would be what ultimately dictates that upper limit of physical SPM. But, sadly, it was the promethium science.