Crash & jam safe train exchange network (RHD LCC trains)

[Theikkru]

I've made it a personal mission not to succumb to the most common cause of death in Factorio, and so far, I've avoided the achievement. I attribute that success to my train network design, which has built-in signals that warn which tracks have moving trains on them. To start, here's the book:

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

Copy blueprint
This network has a train for every station, and divides those stations into schedules of one home station and multiple outpost stations. Resources are transported by allowing a pair of trains per schedule—one at home, and one at an outpost—to swap places.
Train routes between stations must be unambiguous, a lot of bitwise math is required to run the rail network, an additional local circuit network is required for all the home stations, and it's a bit of a bear to learn how to use, but once you get the hang of it, it's relatively simple to set up, very safe, desync-proof, and surprisingly satisfying to watch. Here's a save file demonstrating it in the field:

example.png (3.52 MiB) Viewed 301 times

Primary.zip

(11.28 MiB) Downloaded 7 times

user guide

To create a new rail system:

1. Prepare 1-bit addresses for each station you plan to construct, and each segment of rail between intersections. For future proofing, adding an intersection at most bends in the track is recommended. Consolidating rail segment addresses on the same signal is also recommended, as a multiplexer will be required for each such signal. Stations in the same train group must be addressed with the home station as the address mask, followed by consecutive higher-order bits for the outpost stations for that group. Outpost stations will be prioritized from lowest-order.
2. Deploy an unconnected dummy station with train limit 0 somewhere out of the way.
3. Deploy a home station for the train group you want to create. Leaving space for future adjacent home stations is advised.
4. Deploy a train to the station (to silence the alert system).
5. Connect power and a fuel belt to the station, if not already.
6. Lay track and track poles from the home station to the intended outpost location. Be sure to run green wire from the home station (power pole inside curved rails that connects green to combinator outside curved rails) and along track poles, and assign rail segment addresses as track is laid.
7. Deploy an outpost station and any associated apparatus at the outpost location, and connect the outpost to the rail network via the green wire on the power poles. Be sure to include a radar somewhere in the outpost for remote monitoring.
8. Repeat the previous two steps for each additional outpost.
9. Deploy a multiplexer in an out-of-the-way location where it can connect to all home stations, and, separately, to the rail network. A second multiplexer may be deployed in 180° rotation and share the same home network power pole to service a second rail signal, in which case each multiplexer should be assigned a wire color, and disconnected from the other wire at the power pole.
10. Connect the multiplexer(s) to the rail network from the outside edge (green wire), and to the home station(s) via the home network power pole (with both red and green wire terminations). Be careful not to bridge the rail network to the home station network.
11. Dial the route for each new outpost station into the constant combinators at the distal end of the home station. The constant combinator adjacent the "i=2" decider combinator corresponds to the outpost address immediately above the address mask. The signals "0" through "U" correspond to the 0th through 30th bits for the connected multiplexer's rail signal. Separate wires/poles connected to separate multiplexers must be used to extend the rail address space to additional rail signals.
12. Create a train schedule for the new idle train consisting of only the dummy station, and create a new train group for that schedule.
13. For each new station in the train group, create an interrupt with the conditions "path full or no path" AND "not at station" AND "station not full", and add one instance of that station with the departure circuit condition "green" > 0, followed by another instance of that same station with the departure condition time passed 1s.
14. Temporarily disable the home station (see below).
15. For each new outpost station currently missing a train, when the home train is idle, force-send it to the new station by pressing play on the appropriate interrupt in the schedule, and momentarily toggling the "Enable/disable station" circuit option on that train stop via remote view. Then, deploy a new train at the home station, assign it to the same train group, and send it to the home stop by interrupt. (Multiplayer warning: trains sent out during this step will not trigger a yellow path alert.)
16. Re-enable the home station.

To avoid desyncs, do not modify, connect, or disconnect any circuitry associated with a station, or modify any train scheduling for a station while trains are en-route to or from that station, with the following exception: to disable a station for servicing, for outposts, temporarily delete the "cargo wagon" output signal from the decider combinator near the train stop with condition [cargo type] = [departure cargo threshold]; for home stations, temporarily delete the "C" output signal from the division arithmetic combinator immediately outside the rails that has a green wire connection to a power pole inside the rails.
To add a new train group to an existing system, follow the above instructions, but skip steps 2, 9, and 10.
To add an outpost station to an existing group, skip steps 2-5, 9, 10, and 12.

1.0 version

Since the blueprints alone won't make much sense, and it's a bit hard to describe in words, here's a demo sandbox save file (with the blueprint book in it):

raildemo.zip

(3.28 MiB) Downloaded 20 times

home.png (4.09 MiB) Viewed 920 times

[Theikkru]

I've updated some circuitry to account for edge cases relating to the train pairs arriving at their destination stations at greatly disparate times, and added an extra example station to the save to demonstrate resource distribution to outposts (as opposed to the default of resource collection from outposts).
Here's a more zoomed out shot:

zoom.png (3.98 MiB) Viewed 793 times

Edit: fixed another circuit bug, and cleaned up some wires.

[Theikkru]

Overhauled for Factorio 2.0. I considered trying to extend this from a one-to-many system to a many-to-many system with the new power of interrupts, but ultimately decided that the marginal benefit wasn't worth the added complexity. (Would require significantly more server circuitry, and trying to eliminate race conditions would be a PITA.) The new grouping and scheduling has made train management simpler, though, so I've written a user guide. I've left the old 1.0 version in at the end for posterity's sake, but that demo no longer works out of the box in 2.0 due to the discontinuation of automated station skipping.

P.S. as of version 2.0.23, one of the track pole blueprints is bugged.

Edit: moved some components to improve visibility and resolve an asymmetry, and changed some circuitry to eliminate a desync edge case when trying to disable a station while a train is trying to depart.