Inputs in 0-100 range (there's an input divider if you use e.g. steam tanks) running for an hour accumulate to a maximum of 21.6 million. That allows for I value up to 100, which is pretty big. Overflows might become a problem if full throttle isn't enough power and idle is too much, so it never settles and keeps increasing. Real systems use upper and lower accumulator bounds for this.mmmPI wrote: ↑Wed Oct 11, 2023 1:56 pm And another one that's troubling me from a math stand point, is that without clock the accumulator increases really fast in real time to the point where overflow is a risk for high target value ; as the static error is added 60 times per second when the system is stable. That translate to an allowance for maximum static error of around 10K for overflow every hour ((2^31) - (60^3) x = 1) Which would cause a system-breaking sign inversion i fear. Which makes me say that the small version is more suited to small quantity not millions of steam in buffer. But also for small quantities where some static error is allowed so which may be rare in vanilla factorio.
Real stock markets are completely random on any time scale as a law of nature. It's literally always true for all assets on every market for any time period. Because stock price has to start at 0 and end at 0 and there is exactly 1 point where it was the highest, it'll rougly increase from 0 to that point and then rougly decrease back to 0. So that is technically an exception to that rule. Except you have no way of knowing when the highest point would be/was, and how long it is until it hits 0 since then, so this doesn't helps you make a judgement, and doesn't makes for a real exception. Also, fun fact, stock market trading is a zero sum game - in order for someone to profit, someone else has to lose equal amount of money.prices of stocks are updated randomly each tick, with a range (40-60%) chance of increase/decrease. This being influenced by another number the "trend" that goes up and down in cycle of unknown period but can also be randomly switch each tick with a lower probability.