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This shouldn't be possible.
This situation occured while building some new rails with a blueprint, including some new stations.
The train that is blocking itself did not have to path along the newly built rails (they were not even close along his path) and did not have to visit the newly built stations, they have different names. No rails were removed.
On my map no stations are disabled by circuits or anything so the train shouldn't even try to repath.
In general I think trains should not even be able to block themselves with chainsignals. If someone designs a track with very long trains that crash into themselves because of that it is a design flaw.