I got it to work:

1. Copy the challenge from ./data/base/scenarios/team-production-0.3.10 to ./scenarios/team-production-0.3.10
2. Start the server with ./bin/x64/factorio --start-server-load-scenario team-production-0.3.10

Tested with Win64 and Linux headless.

I played on a multiplayer server and got dropped for high latency. In the notice window (save, quit, reconnect) I pressed reconnect. The game loaded the map and connected me again (I could move and also saw the other players building), but the "You were dropped" window didn't disappear. I ...