When I ran the automatic updater to upgrade to 0.10.5, the program popped up a crash warning instead of restarting quietly. The game did restart and the update was successful.
Hi, could you please upload a log file for the crash? It is stored next to the saves directory, named factorio-current.log (or factorio-previous.log, if you tried to start the game after the crash).
Right-click Factorio and select "Run as administrator". This prevents the UAC window from popping up in the middle of the update and causing the crash.
The log file says that factorio succesfully updates (gets over all the UAC stuff), successfully checks that there no more updates to apply and then crashes... this is really weird, we will have a more detailed look at it soon.