Thank you! Disabling the OSD software (MSI Afterburner) did the trick

0.000 2018-06-04 16:32:33; Factorio 0.16.36 (build 36253, win64, steam)
0.000 Operating system: Windows 10 (build 17134)
0.000 Program arguments: "C:\Program Files (x86)\Steam\steamapps\common\Factorio\bin\x64\Factorio.exe"
0.000 Read data path: C:/Program Files (x86)/Steam/steamapps/common ...

Whenever I launch the game (Steam version) no matter what settings, it crashes after a few seconds in the menu. I tried reinstalling it, moving the installation folder, launching as admin, etc. Any suggestions why this might happen and/or fix?