Oh, you're a genius. Thanks for pointing it out! Totally fixed it. So it's Valves fault.
Thank you, again.

Maybe I should add:

Audio is of course working in other programs.

Just tried the linked steps.

The game starts, but in the main menu i get the message:
"Couldn't initialise audio, audio is disabled" (log attached)

Anymore information I could provide? Just name what you need.

As the log indicates audio-problems:
starting with lets the game start normal (well except for the audio part)

I just updated factorio to 0.15.33 (steam), and it immediately crashes on startup.

This is on OpenSuse Leap 42.2 x64. 0.14 was running fine.
This is on a Lenovo x230 with docking station (happens also when undocked)