Some third-party software is interfering with the Steam version of Factorio.

If you use Razer Synapse then close it (killing the process might be further required).
If you use Trend Micro AV/Security then see this thread .
If you use Comodo AV/Security then add an exception ("Exclusion") for ...

This sounds like the same problem I'm having. The only proof that it tried to run is the Factorio process in task manager sitting at ~2MB of memory and no cpu or disk usage.
I'm using the zip package off the site and 0.14.x is the latest that starts.