You have 20/60 FPS/UPS, so you are definitely limited by your graphics card, which is not surprising since the GT 430 performs even worse than most intel onboard chips.

What GPU is in the other system that is working better?

The other GPU is indeed an Intel Onboard Chip. :(

Check nvidia ...

Okay, so this is in the log from my last play. It looks like OpenGL is being initalised. I added the debug-settings screenshot.

0.004 2017-04-08 13:00:26; Factorio 0.14.22 (build 25342, linux64, alpha)
0.333 Operating system: Linux (Ubuntu 16.04)
0.333 Program arguments: "/home/jellesabine ...

I am not sure of I need help, as more to confirm an observation.

I installed Factorio on a Windows 10 Laptop and on a Ubuntu 16.04 Desktop. Both have an i5 Intel CPU, that are fairly similar - according to cpubenchmark.com, the CPU of the laptop is slightly 'worse'. The laptop has an SSD.

Now: on ...