Only thing that comes to my mind that might quickly solve the issue is to force the game to use OpenGL instead of DirectX. I prepared "allegro5.cfg" file, that will make the game use OpenGL. The file needs to be in bin\x64 folder next to Factorio.exe. I am sorry for bad experience you had...

I got this error when i did not have a Graphics driver installed.

Installed ATI display driver (in my case) and the problem went away.

-Henrik