Understood that issue, but I download just fresh Linux headless server. It shouldn't miss any file, right?
Yes it should not :)

About your command:
There is no file like: rail-chain-signal-elevated.lua

Only:
root@nuc:/home/factorio/factorio_new# find . -iname '*rail-chain-signal-elevated ...

As per checking wiki page: https://wiki.factorio.com/Multiplayer
There is mentioned only one requirement: "Note: Factorio now requires glibc version 2.18"

My version is:
root@nuc:/home/factorio# strings /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 | grep -i "release version"
GNU C Library (Debian GLIBC 2.36-9 ...

New installation with Linux headless server 2.0.28 without mods. Got same error.

root@nuc:/home/factorio/factorio_new# ./bin/x64/factorio --start-server ./saves/party.zip
0.000 2025-01-04 10:49:08; Factorio 2.0.28 (build 81088, linux64, headless, space-age)
0.012 Operating system: Linux (Debian ...

After some time I update server, but cannot continue in save (space age)

Server start log:

root@nuc:/home/factorio/factorio# ./bin/x64/factorio --start-server ./saves/party.zip
0.000 2025-01-03 22:39:10; Factorio 2.0.28 (build 81088, linux64, headless, space-age)
0.015 Operating system: Linux ...