I know that playing via wine fixes this problem (at least for me), but god damn it I'm stubborn and refuse to switch away from native Linux for a game that actually has dedicated Linux developers.
I've deleted every single Factorio file in my system, switched back to X11, different launch ...

For the sake of not posting a duplicate, I also got a crash when starting up the game, but a slightly different log with no `abort` section. Arch Linux and also with Nvidia.