I solved the problem by uninstalling and reinstalling 'icaclient' and 'ctxusb' packages (Remote Desktop).

Today I tested it with a fresh Ubuntu 24.04 in a virtual machine on my NUC and Factorio worked as normal. Please mark my report as 'not a bug' or delete it because I think the problem is some interference with other software or drivers on my box.

And a ldd on the factorio binary, if needed:
user@bbox:~/Downloads/factorio_alpha_x64_1.1.107/factorio/bin/x64$ ldd factorio
linux-vdso.so.1 (0x00007ffdd5db9000)
/usr/local/lib/AppProtection/libAppProtection.so (0x0000714206c00000)
libdl.so.2 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libdl.so.2 ...

Not sure if it helps, but I saved a core dump https://file.io/p3QCgwyf1e2a.

Sorry, but my ~/.factorio directory only contains a 'saves' directory (from Steam Cloud) and no log files.

Today I tried to play Factorio on my recently updated Ubuntu 24.04 NUC Box.

First I tried to install it via Steam. After Installation and clicking the 'Play' Button the game just did not start, without any error message. Then I tried to start the Steam version from the terminal with the error ...