Thank you very much! I've solved my problem by removing and purging Steam and all its folders and cache and then reinstalling it and Factorio.

Yes, indeed, I've downloaded and installed the demo version and it ran normally. But what can be done with Steam? I've already purchased the game there. Isn't there any other way besides buying it again?

I've decided to play Factorio after one year break and now this
Not a lot of info, just plain fresh installation on updated Steam on Ubuntu.
Logs included.