I disabled all mods and started a new game. I waited for the beetle attack due to pollution. And got the achievement:
"It stinks and they don't like it
Trigger an alien attack by pollution."
This achievement was correctly displayed on Steam.
The whole point was that I used a mod.
Thank you all so ...

I do not know console commands and do not use them. The only one mod is Helmod 0.12.5.

In the beginning, I played Factorio through Family Sharing. Information about achievements appeared in the game, but was not reflected in any way in Steam.
Then I bought the game to my account and completely reinstalled the game (With the removal of the "%AppData%/Factorio" directory). It did not ...