Can you open Factorio properties in Steam Library and set launch options to
--no-crash-handler

Then start the game on Steam and when the crash happens, there should be macOS dialog with detailed crash report, or maybe you could open Application -> Utilities -> Console in macOS, search for ...

Download and try if the non-steam version from factorio.com works.


I tried it just now and it hasn't seemed to have helped. I'll post the new log in this comment.

New log:
0.001 2021-04-25 12:41:55; Factorio 1.1.32 (build 58364, mac, full)
0.008 Operating system: macOS 10.16.0
0.008 ...

Context
Has been happening for the last few days out of nowhere. Not sure what started it. Reinstalled the game twice, deleted old saves, restarted computer after updating which solved it for a day but it's back again.
Steps to reproduce crash:
1) load steam
2) launch factorio
3) wait for ...