After some more testing its continuing to occur, even in the "browse LAN games" menu. I'm not sure what part of a local game requires connection to a matchmaking server but this is leading me to believe it is not related to that.

Upon pressing "Browse public games" button in the multiplayer menu an error appears: "Notice - Select failed: invalid argument" and the server list does not load. Attempts to join through the Steam menu also result in "failed to establish communication to the server" message.
factorio-current.log

When trying to join a multiplayer server hosted by someone else on their PC, the game tried connecting and then claimed "could not establish network communication with server". This only occurs on non-steam version when attempting to join servers hosted by players, and not on standalone servers. For ...