If you don't mind leaving your computer running while you're away (hell, most people do this already anyways,) there's kind of an in-between solution for you, but it will require you to leave the game running while the bots build.
1-) Install Google Remote Desktop (GRD) on you phone AND on your PC. This is a VNC application to provide you lightweight (small, unobtrusive program,) streamlined remote access to your PC from anywhere you can use your phone.
2-) Set up/reconfigure a proper robotics network, and make sure the logistics/construction areas of the roboports are properly connected across the entire area that you will be building in.
3-) Lay down a veritable smorgasbord of blueprints within your now completed Robosphere™. Make sure you have ample chests of supplies hooked up to your network for the robots to build with. Turn everything on and let the robots get to buildin'.
4-) GTFO. Go to work, or out with your friends, or whatever it is you THINK is more important than playing Factorio.
5-) Use GRD to periodically check the progress of your construction bots. You can also save the game, or if the robots have completed everything you wanted them to, exit the game and/or shut down your computer.
So, it's not a built-in function, requires 3rd-party applications, computer has to be running Factorio, and your base must be able to defend/repair/maintain itself without user input. However, it DOES enable you to, with some minor preparation, leave your house for long amounts of time and then come back to a MASSIVELY improved and expanded base
